The Industrial Revolution Has Caused The Current Situation...

The industrial revolution has caused the current situation of deteriorating climatic conditions in the globe. It is a topic that has received varied opinions some supporting and some going against it. Even though, scientists have tried their best to illustrate the fact. The scientists have kept track of the changes in the levels of greenhouse gasses, and they have demonstrated that the levels keep rising every day. Human action is the core cause of these changes. The impact of these greenhouse gasses is what many people call global warming. Global warming has been described as a state of ever increasing global temperatures and other adverse weather conditions mainly as a result of interference of the ozone layer.Emission of corrosive gasses into the atmosphere corrodes the ozone layer leaving huge holes that cause the ultraviolet rays of the sun to reach the earth. The result of this is human diseases like skin cancer, melting of the polar ice leading to rising sea levels and other i mpacts on agriculture. These scientists have gone a step further to give a detailed analysis of how these effects occur or, in other words, the science behind it. The aim of this paper is to offer supporting evidence of the fact that human activity, precisely the industrial revolution, is the primary cause global warming. According to Elizabeth (2006), it is estimated that since the onset industrial revolution, the human kind has burned coal, oil and natural gas enough to produce about 250Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Degradation9511 Words   |  39 Pages Any type of activities which alters the systems of the environment and he disturbances caused to air,water,soil and the eco systems is known as environmental degradation. Its under the top ten threats in the united nations panel. Because of environmental degradation illness and premature deaths occur in large numbers. A report says that human health is deteriorating in the past decades. If improvements are being made to enhance human health millions of people will dwell aRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 PagesGlobal Warming And Climate Change? Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures. Natural events and human activities are believed to be contributing to an increase in average global temperatures. This is caused primarily by increases in â€Å"greenhouse† gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2). A warming planet thus leads to a change in climate which can affect weather in various ways, as discussed further below. What Are The Main Indicators Of Climate Change

Online Shopping Website Project - 2325 Words

PROJECT PROPOSAL FOR ONLINE SHOP IMPLEMENTATION BY ASAMOAH JOSEPH 02615310 ALEX FOSO Introduction The Internet is an integral part of our lives. With it, we communicate; gather news, network with friends and colleagues, and share information and resources. Today, we see many businesses – large and small – using websites as a platform to sell a product or provide a service. However, we have realized that there is lack of a free, user-friendly interface that independent business owners can use to operate their businesses online. We wanted to provide business owners with an easy-to-use online store interface to sell their products and services. The interface also allows Internet users to buy those products and services. The main purpose of†¦show more content†¦If the product order has not yet been shipped yet, the owner can input shipping information on the following page. Input_track. This page allows the owner to input package tracking data for products in each order. The owner can select from the list an unshipped product order, select a shipping method, and input a tracking number and ship date. Notification- This page allows the owner to send notification mail to all the customers. There is certainly room to expand and enhance the functionality on each of these pages. For example, the quantities sold and remaining can be automatically updated when a customer’s product order is processed. The view orders page can be implemented to allow the owner to correspond with each customer about an order if, for example, the customer’s submitted address was incorrect and the order needed to be canceled. Customer’s Interface In order to create a successful online shopping experience for the customer, we implemented the following basic functionality: Create an account (store and update account information, billing, shipping and payment information), Log in and Log out, Browse products, Manage a shopping cart (add, remove, change quantity), and Check out the shopping cart. In allowing the customer to create and customize online accounts and shopping carts, we ask him or her to share their personal information and build a relationship with theShow MoreRelatedOnline Shopping Website : Web Based Systems Project10604 Words   |  43 PagesComputer Science Modular BSc Honours in Information Technology 6COM0284 – Web-based Systems Project Final Report April 2015 TITLE OF PROJECT Online Shopping Website Author s initials and surname S.Pourmoafi Supervised by: Mr. Keith Dawkins â€Æ' Table of contents Abstract: 3 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 2. INTRODUCTION 5 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 3.1 Background research 9 3.2 Market Research (Existing Online Websites) 10 3.2 The History of E-commerce: 11 3.3 Methodologies 13 3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONSRead MoreLiterature Review On The Field Of Online Shopping1187 Words   |  5 Pagespractically working on our project we had to do a lot of theoretical work which includes reading research papers to get a clearer image of recent advancements in the field of Online shopping . In-fact we believe research is the most essential phase of our project because this is the first time we are working on this particular type of project and it’s a challenge for us. So, to make ourselves feel comfortable with this project it was quite necessary for us to understand Online shopping its various applicationRead MoreOnline Ordering System1028 Words   |  5 PagesSplurk Tee Website and Ordering System Group: Flip Don Ray Gepulango - Lead Designer/ Grammarian Jeabby Del Mundo - Analyst/Designer Jeric Casumpang – Designer Angelina Provido – Secretary/Treasurer Introduction Lots of T-shirt brands and Clothing Companies have been supporting many kinds of sports since people can remember. In this modern era, more and more teens and adults have been involved in new kinds of sports like BMX riding and Skateboarding. On the popularity of these sportsRead MoreOnline Shopping Site And Mall Essay987 Words   |  4 PagesMIT 817 Software Requirements Specification 139074039 Online Shopping Site/Mall Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures ii 1.0. Introduction 1 1.1. Purpose 1 1.2. Scope of Project 1 1.3. Glossary 1 1.4. References 1 1.5. Overview of Document 2 2.0. Overall Description 3 2.1 System Environment 3 2.2 Functional Requirements Specification 3 2.3 User Characteristics 3 2.4 Non-Functional Requirements 4 3.0. Requirements Specification 5 3.1 External Interface Requirements 5 3.2Read MoreThe Online Music World Application958 Words   |  4 PagesABSTRACT The Online Music World application is an Online Website. It contain different types of products like POP, FILM, ROCK and CLASSICAL etc. The main purpose of this project is to listening music online in different languages and download songs very easily. The aim of the project is to provide different types of CD’s to purchase. It is designed in such a way that user can listen, download and order in the same place. Users can listen and download music for free of cost. 1. INTRODUCTION ThisRead MoreElectronic Commerce ( Ec )1031 Words   |  5 Pagesway to their customer to purchase products online. Online buying is the process of selling and buying goods or services by using computer via internet. Since the development of www (World Wide Web), vendors have looked for a way to sell their goods and products to people who like to spend time on the internet. Shoppers can visit web stores from their houses and shop while they are sitting in front of their computer or laptop. Internet and online shopping has the ability to provide a lot of typesRead MoreOnline Advertising As An Advertising Medium Essay1398 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation technology has enhanced the importance of online advertising. The importance of the Internet as an advertising medium has generated a lot of attention in recent years. With the growth of internet usage from few years, increase the trend of shopping online (James et al, 2016). Nowadays, many companies are more concerning about how to attract customers to increase their revenue and become a leader in competitive market. So they move towards online ad vertisements as many people spend more time forRead MoreShopping Cart System Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesOnline purchasing is not entirely a new concept to grasp. It has been lingering in the background ever since the Internet was commercially available to the public. Many companies have utilized the Internet as a channel for fashion retail marketing (Murphy, 1998), such retailers as Gap clothing. 1.1 Use of Shopping Cart system Shopping Cart System is the Simple shopping Solution. It s a full-featured website and shopping cart system that bends over backwards to give you the flexibility you need toRead MoreEssay Suburban Regional Shopping1017 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: CAN THE MAGIC BE RESTORED? Suburban Regional Shopping Malls: Can the Magic Be Restored? Stephanie Austin Upper Iowa University Suburban Regional Shopping Malls: Can the Magic Be Restored? Imagine yourself as the manager of a struggling local suburban regional shopping mall. What do you think the mall should do to improve its performance? According to the textbook, the retail life cycle consists of the introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. (PerreaultRead MoreUpscale Markets-Value Creation In A Mature Industry Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesbuild an online store to seek further growing profit. Upscale Markets was a seven-store local grocery chain in Dallas, TX. Ives was inspired by the huge success of a virtual store project in subways running by Tesco named Home Plus in Korea. They showed the products visually by using monitor in subways and allowed people purchased items and got delivered by simply using their phone to scan the QR code under the item. Ives gave a call to his friend who was enjoyed online grocery shopping for a few

Mental Health for Social Well-Being and Psychology - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theMental Health for Social Well-Being and Psychology. Answer: Introduction Mental health may be termed as the level of an individuals psychological well-being. They include an individuals emotions, social well-being, and psychology. The psychological, mental well-being state may be termed as an individuals ability to function at a satisfactory level in their behavior and emotion. Since, our mental well-being determines how we handle stress, make choices, and relate to others (Engdahl, 2010, p. 14). Therefore, mental health is quite significant in every persons life despite the stage they are in whether childhood, adolescence all through adulthood. As a result, any negative experience causing mental health problems our behavior, thinking, and mood may be affected. They are several influences that underwrite to mental health concerns which include biological factors, life experiences, and genetics of mental disorders. However, despite the fact that mental health problems are common patients have continued to fully recover from the health complication creating need to develop awareness of mental health. Due to the continued increase in mental health problems the Australian government and other stakeholders set aside a particular week every year to create awareness of the health issue (In Meadows, 2012, p. 22). Therefore, every year in October Americans and the world as a whole face the reality of living with a mental health condition. This takes place during the first week of October thus aiding to fight stigma, advocate for equal care, educate the public, and provide support to creating public awareness of the mental health condition. The government then coincides with the awareness week by setting an official World Mental Health Day which is on every 10th October (Western Australia, 2012, p. 18). During the week the government and various stakeholders will educate the public to learn more about specific mental health problems and the relevant places to find. Furthermore, the week plays a huge role in educating the public on the prevention and wellness of mental health. Purpose of the Mental Health Week and what the government hopes to achieve The mental health week was established in 1990 by the U.S. Congress. The week was established in recognition of efforts that the National Alliance on Mental Illness has developed to aid educate and increase awareness about mental health complications (Walker, 2012, p. 35). Among the purposes of the week is to discourage the myths about mental illness. The public has adopted myths to mental health which includes the perception of limited scope for effective treatment seeking that a person with a mental condition cannot recover from a mental illness. However, during this week the government and other stakeholders help to change perception to such a myth since mental health treatments can be effective. This has been proved by the fact that patients who suffered degenerative condition like dementia there is clear evidence when the patients are medicated and change their lifestyle they are significant effects witnessed on slowing the onset of the disease for some patients. Furthermore, th e mental health week aids educate the public that mentally ill patients as purely fiefdom of mental health trusts. Therefore, people with a mental condition should be handled in a coordinated way despite their health conditions thus improving their lifestyles. Furthermore, during the mental health week, the government and various stakeholders also work towards attaining progress on mental health (Mental Health Council of Australia, Mental Health Association, 2004, p. 43). Since the week seeks to create awareness during this time progress on mental health should be noted because patients are encouraged to seek medical advice. Moreover, mental health progress is also achieved when the members of the public are educated about common signs and symptoms that a patient is likely to suffer from mental illness which includes reducing stress. Working towards reducing stigma is very important since this will aid improve the patients lifestyle. During the week the government and various stakeholders will also work towards publicizing clinicians for mental health. The government during this week also works towards equipping the public on where to find clinicians for mental health complications. Doing this will lessen patients the burden and even avoid them from exploitation when trying to reach a clinician for mental health complications (Western Australian Association for Mental Health, 2003, p. 53). The government and other stakeholders will also familiarize the public on first aids that can be performed to a patient before they seek medical attention. Roles of the government and Non-government agencies in addressing mental health in Australia The agencies in Australia are working towards providing a picture of the national response to mental health thus caring for the needs of the Australians. Therefore, the Australian government and other non-government agencies share a responsibility to address mental health policies thus providing support services for all Australians living with a mental disorder. The government and other non-government agencies are playing a significant role in the funding and provision of specialized mental health treatment (In Mason, In Gardner, In Outlaw, In O'Grady, 2016, p. 43). Hence, they are playing a relevant role in ensuring that mental health treatment is administered to healthy patients thus equipping various health clinicians with relevant funds to help in treating the illness. Secondly, the government and various non-government agencies are on the front line in ensuring that national mental health reform initiatives are actually carried out in the country. This includes providing a number of services to patients found suffering with mental health services (Vostanis, 2007, p. 11). By doing this, the government plays a relevant role in avoiding the stigma of patients suffering from the illness since they encouraged that the government is willing to help them by any means possible. Subsequently, the Australian government and non-government agencies have played a relevant role in ensuring that several mental health reforms undertakings have been initiated. The series of reforms include transferring responsibility from the national government to the newly created Australian governments Primary Health Networks (PHNs). The PHNs will then take up the roles of integrating mental health planning thus ensuring that patients with mental health disabilities are taken care of effectively to upgrade their medical condition. Moreover, beyondblue a non-government agency which was established by Jeff Kennett with the funding from Commonwealth and Australia State government is playing a role in ensuring that there is a decrease in the prevalence of depression in all mental health patients (Bayat, 2015, p. 34). The organizational effectiveness has been confirmed by the 24-hour information helpline services that have been established to all mental health practitioners in Australia. Furthermore, other non-government agencies such as Carers Association of Australia, Centre for Rural and Remote Mental Health (CRRMH), among other are playing significant roles in ensuring that mental illness in Australia is addressed accordingly thus helping patients cope with the disorder. The Value of engaging community in mental health initiatives Actively engaging the community with mental health initiatives has continued to be very useful in creating a positive stigma to mental health patients. When the community is invloved in mental health issues, they can frame mental issues. These have resulted in values such as health reforms (Duin, Nater, Anklesaria, University of Minnesota, 2012, p. 62). Engaging the community has increased health reforms since patients who were earlier suffering from stigma can overcome stigma thus seeking medical attention. Community engagement in health initiatives has demonstrated a sense of empowerment to the public. As a result, the healthier relationship with peers and participation in activities has improved. This is because the members of a community have been empowered to accept living with mental illnesses since its a normal complication like other health complications (Deravin-Malone Anderson, 2016, p. 44). Furthermore, empowering the members of the community has also played a relevant in enhancing the need to seek treatment when one is suffering from mental illnesses. On the other hand, engaging the community has played a significant role in overcoming myths in the community such as a myth that mental disorders are not curable. When the society is actively involved in mental health initiatives patients, have continued to overcome myths in the society since they have been able to be encouraged to seek medical attention (Francis, 2014, p. 53). As a result, the government and non-government agencies can comfortably improve healthcare to the affected patients. Moreover, the community has been equipped with relevant knowledge on how to handle first aid to a person who has mental illness and the possible signs and symptoms (Kemshall, 2008, p. 11). This has helped members of the society educated on the signs and symptoms of the likely hood to suffer from mental illnesses. As a result, members of the community are now vigilant since they have also been equipped with relevant knowledge that will help them assess their health status. Health practitioners after engaging with the community they can get a greater understanding of the members of the community strengths and weaknesses learning new skills to approaching problems. Equipping themselves with strategies that will help them in dealing with mental health challenges in the community thus been able to handle mental complications efficiently. Furthermore, various government agencies and non-government after direct interactions with the society they acquire direct feedback which enhances their skills in delivering mental health care. Role and impact of the media in mental health promotion Recently, the media has been seen to play important functions in the promotion of mental health. Since a large number of people in the community are using media technologies (In Mucic In Hilty, 2016, p. 33). However, the media has both positive and negative impact depending on the information people are sharing regarding mental health. Nevertheless, the media has played an active role in creating awareness of mental health diseases. Media has made it possible to exchange information regarding creating awareness since its only a click away to develop information from the internet. Subsequently, the media has played an active role in ensuring that the society is equipped with knowledge about mental illness. Media has made it possible to receive all types of information regarding the mental disorder. As a result, members of the society are now equipped with the relevant knowledge needed for awareness of the illness. Furthermore, the media has outlined how to cope and seek medical advice once you suffer signs and symptoms linked to mental disorders. Thirdly, the media has played a major role in ensuring that mental health patients do not suffer stigma (Bauman Rivers, 2015, p. 43). The media has made mental disorders sound like any other health complication. Patients can now seek treatment without fear of isolation and rejection. Furthermore, the media is teaching on the importance of taking care of mental people with a mental health condition since they have encouraged their empowerment resulting to positive change towards their behavior. On the other hand, the media has negatively influenced and impacted mental health disorders. Often, social media has been seen to significantly criticize people with mental health condition (Rogers, 2014, p. 32). This has discouraged them from seeking medical attention since they are afraid of social criticism. Moreover, mental disorders in some communities have been viewed as a curse. Thus patients who suffer from these disorders have been kept in isolation hindering them from seeking treatment. The internet has been identified as a source of misleading information about mental health. Misleading information about mental health has been seen to be shared via the internet. This has resulted in transferring of false information across our society yet the government and various stakeholders have laid down strategies to aid in improving mental health. As a result, mentally challenged patients are finding it difficult to access healthcare. Conclusion In conclusion, the Australian government, non-government agencies, and the world have played a significant role in achieving and creating awareness of mental disorders. The establishment of strategies such as the mental health week has created awareness, empowered, and educated the society on mental health. Furthermore, engaging the community has helped mental patients cope with the illness like any other illness despite claims that mental disorders are as a result of myths. On the other hand, social media has played a large role in creating awareness positively since patients can retrieve the information they need regarding mental health on the internet. However, mental illness can be viewed as any other health complications since patients of mental health have continued to recover and can now cope with the changing world since their complications can be easily handled in the current society. Nevertheless, everyone is expected to take up personal responsibility to stop mental health stigma, on the contrary, create its awareness thus encouraging mental patients to seek medical care. References Bauman,S., Rivers,I. (2015).Mental health in the digital age. Bayat,M. (2015).Addressing challenging behaviors and mental health issues in early childhood. Deravin-Malone,L., Anderson,J. (2016).Chronic Care Nursing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Duin,A.H., Nater,E.A., Anklesaria,F.X., University of Minnesota. (2012).Cultivating change in the academy: 50+ stories from the digital frontlines at the University of Minnesota in 2012. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. Engdahl,S. (2010).Mental health. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press/Gale Cengage Learning. Francis,A.P. (2014).Social Work in Mental Health: Contexts and Theories for Practice. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. In Mason,D.J., In Gardner,D.B., In Outlaw,F.H., In O'Grady,E.T. (2016).Policy politics in nursing and health care. In Meadows,G. (2012).Mental health in Australia: Collaborative community practice. In Mucic,D., In Hilty,D.M. (2016).e-Mental health. Kemshall,H. (2008).Understanding the community management of high risk offenders. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Mental Health Council of Australia, Mental Health Association (Qld.), Multicultural Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Queensland Transcultural Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Week (Qld.). (2004).Report on the Mental Health Week 2004 event Exploring the wisdom within cultures. Brisbane, Qld: Queensland Transcultural Mental Health Centre. Rogers,A. (2014).A sociology of mental health and illness. Vostanis,P. (2007).Mental health interventions and services for vulnerable children and young people. London: Jessica Kingsley Pub. Walker,J.R. (2012).The feasibility of a spirituality-based wellness program on stress reduction and health behavior change. Western Australia. (2012).Music Feedback: Music talks about mental health, so can you : event toolkit. Western Australian Association for Mental Health. (2003).Mental Health Week: Storybook. Perth, W.A.: Author.

Playground Assessment Child Development

Question: Discuss about thePlayground Assessmentfor Child Development. Answer: Child development is an essential process in the early life of an individual. This is because it allows the child to experience social, physical, and emotional development that will determine the person he/she will be in the future. Therefore, it is essential that a child is introduced to positive development environments such as playgrounds that will give him/her an opportunity to play with equipment and other kids. Besides, the playground gives a child the chance to develop skills that will help him develop their cognitive, physical, and social life (Bokony, Patrick Fortney, 2017, p. 2). This essay will discuss three of the equipment found in the playgrounds of the two videos (The Press, 2015). Firstly, the discussion will examine the swings and their effect in the development of the child. Secondly, climbing equipment and the open space in the playground and their effects will be discussed respectively. Finally, the essay will discuss the theories related to the cognitive, physic al, and social development of a child using playground equipment. One of the playground equipment found in the video is the swing (Simple Fun Kidz, 2016). It is one of the primary playground equipment that can aid in the development of a child in many areas. One of the significant benefits of the swing is the development of the ability to have balance. Besides, it helps a child learn where his/her body is when in space. It also offers the child an opportunity to practice various valuable skills relating to the body and balance. The skills include fine motor skills that the child achieves when gripping the chains and ropes of the swings. It also teaches gross motor skills that the child can develop when pumping his legs to make the swing go higher. Most importantly, the child learns coordination. The coordination is achieved when the child tries to do both the gripping of the chains and pumping of the legs at the same time. Furthermore, the brain of the child gains more useful knowledge that can be applied in life. For instance, the brain of the chi ld can learn to judge the sense of speed and direction because of the swinging. The knowledge is essential because it can also help a child with visual perception problems. The horizontal ladder also offers the child an enjoyable and challenging play that also teaches various development skills at the same time (Simple Fun Kidz, 2016). Climbing involves the movement of the whole body from a lower position to a higher position. The action requires an awareness of several factors relating to the body and the various locations or positions in the climb. As such, the climbing teaches a child on how to make movement judgment and decisions. In this case, the child builds an awareness of where his body parts are and what to do with them to realize the movement. Besides, it helps a child in learning about directions such as up, down, forward, and back. It also equips a child with problem-solving skills as well as the prediction in that they can guess what will happen next (McMillan, 2017, p. 18). In the ladder climbing process, the child may ask himself several questions concerning the movement. For instance, questions the wonder about include where to put the left foot next and how to climb down the ladder? There are other many questions that a child can ask himself while playing with the ladders. The thinking helps the child develop flexible thinking skills that can assist the child in the playground and the class as well. The other important part of the playground is the space that allows room for free play. Free play consists of the things that children do while in the playground with other kids. It could be games that are organized or just running around the playground with other kids. This feature is important in the development of the child because it helps the child interact with other children in the playground. The free play helps a child to learn communication skills as they run around with other kids and families thus creating strong bonds (Milteer et al., 2011, para. 8). It also allows the child to practice vocabulary and conversation with other kids. The free play is essential because it helps a child learn paramount development skills. One of the important life skills that a child can learn is following rules. The child can learn this when they play games that require a person to meet certain requirements to either win or lose. However, it is important that adults allow children to play al one without giving them any rules since they might follow the rules set by adults leading to loss of the benefits of the play such as leadership, creativity, and group skills (Ginsburg, 2007, para. 4). The skills will make the child grow into a person that can follow the rules without any difficulty. Sharing is another life skill that a child can learn from free play when they use same equipment together (Goldstein, 2012, p. 6). The sharing ability will enable a child to grow into a person that can help other people that are in need of the items or skills they possess. Besides, they learn how to take turns take turns to ride bikes as seen in the video thus promoting empathy and compassion (Goldstein, 2012, p. 6). Development theories are essential because they help parent and guardian in monitoring the development and behavior of their children. One of the theories related to the development of a child is Erikson's stages of psychosocial development (Elena Deborah, 2015, p. 372). It gives a child the opportunity to explore his interpersonal skills by initiating activities since play is main activity of children in the initiative vs. guilt stage. Besides, it gives the child a sense of action and makes him feel secure in his ability to lead other kids and make decisions (Benefits for Early Years of Learning Outside the Classroom, 2010, p. 1). The theory can be realized when children participate in the free play. The second theory that is related to the cognitive development of the child is the planes of development. According to the theory, the child that is in the second plane of development has mastered most of the basic human skills such as coordination in movement, developed personality, f luent speech, and basics intelligence (as cited in Trawick-Smith, 2014, p. 19). At this stage, the child learns through imagination, reasoning, and logic in exploring. The learning in this phase can be seen when the child moves up and down a ladder by moving the feet and hands at the right time and in the right direction. The other theory related to the development of a child is Lev Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory. The theory is based on the belief that a child learns actively and through hands-on experiences. This is the same belief in other theories like Piagets theory of Cognitive development. It is important that parents and guardians take active roles in supporting the development of their children. As such, they should take them playgrounds to allow them to play with playground equipment and other kids. One of the common playground equipment that plays key roles in the development of a child is the swing. The swing helps a child to develop fine motor skills, gross motor skills, and coordination. The ladder is the second equipment that helps in developing the reasoning and problem-solving skills of a child. The third important area in the playground is the space that facilitates the free play of children. The theories that relate to the development of children and playground equipment are Eriksons stages of psychosocial development, planes of development, and Lev Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory. The theories explain the development of the child in regards to playground equipment thus making the participation of a child in the playground an essential activity. References Benefits for Early Years of Learning Outside the Classroom. (2010) (1st ed.). Retrieved from https://www.lotc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Benefits-for-Early-Years-LOtC-Final-5AUG09.pdf Bokony, P., Patrick, T., Fortney, S. (2017). What the Experts Say: Play (1st ed.). Arkansas: UAMS Division of Health Services Research. Retrieved from https://ecep.uark.edu/_resources/pdf_other/pre-k_sel/wes-play.pdf Elena, B., Deborah J., L. (2015). Vygotskian and Post-Vygotskian Views on Childrens Play. American Journal Of Play, 7(3). Ginsburg, K. (2007). The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bonds. PEDIATRICS, 119(1), 182-191. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2697 Goldstein, J. (2012). Play in childrens development, health and well-being (1st ed.). Toy Industries of Europe. Retrieved from https://www.ornes.nl/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Play-in-children-s-development-health-and-well-being-feb-2012.pdf McMillan, M. (2017). Outdoor Play Matters: The Benefits of Outdoor Play for Young Children (1st ed.). Barnardos. Retrieved from https://www.galwaychildcare.com/uploadedfiles/Outdoor_Play_Matters.pdf Milteer, R., Ginsburg, K., Mulligan, D. (2011). The Importance of Play in Promoting Healthy Child Development and Maintaining Strong Parent-Child Bond: Focus on Children in Poverty. PEDIATRICS, 129(1), e204-e213. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2953 Simple Fun Kidz. (2016). Outdoor Playground Fun For Kids with Toddler Bike Town. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRdMFA8BspIfeature=youtu.be The Press. (2015). Multimillion-dollar Margaret Mahy playground open for fun in Christchurch. Retrieved from https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/business/the-rebuild/75357812/multimillion-dollar-margaret-mahy-playground-open-for-fun-in-christchurch Trawick-Smith, J. (2014). The Physical Play and Motor Development of Young Children: A Review of Literature and Implications for Practice (1st ed.). Connecticut: Center for early childhood education. Retrieved from https://www.easternct.edu/cece/files/2014/06/BenefitsOfPlay_LitReview.pdf

Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation

Introduction The labor market is equivalent to any other market. In fact, it is where labor is traded for wages. Inherently, there are assumptions that guide the labor market. For instance, there is a direct correlation between human resource (labor) and income distribution (wages and profits). Hence, different theories have been advanced regarding labor markets.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories developed Marxists tend to advocate for fair distribution of income between the employer and the employee. However, this is rarely the case given that those who receive the highest rewards do so based on merit. Marx theory of rebellion and labor relations encounters considerable criticism although it is not analyzed directly in international research. The theory persistently attracts class theory that is boosted by uninspiring alternatives presented in sociology (Parkin 119). Marx held the position that proletarian rebellion would take place in first world countries including the United States and European countries. Other theories hold the meritocracy perspective where those who are lowly waged possess the least labor market value. This paper examines the extent at which Marxist concept of exploitation is useful in understanding the contemporary labor market. Marxist ideas Marx presented his audience with two sets of ideologies. The first was the theory of society. The theory explains how the community functions in view of the nature of capitalism. The view is relevant in describing what is happening to the society. Conversely, Marx considered capitalism as extremely unsatisfactory. He sought to have capitalism abolished through violent revolution. He advocated for the establishment of a communist society. The success of his idea would have seen employees have better working condit ions with an increase in remuneration. Marx within the framework of ‘factory despotism’ viewed conflict in class between informal employment and white-collar employment.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The conflict intimately matches the social confrontation regarding the sharing of rewards and prerogatives of command (Robertson 160). This is particularly the case in industrial situations where even the low status of white-collar personnel is cast in the position of administrative subalterns (Boswell and Dixon 545). Within the context of capitalism presented by the distinctive industrial organizations, the sociological model of class holds the position that recommends capitalism as a substitute of the view constructed around the right of individuals to employment. Few people in the western societies do not support Marx idea of violent revolution. Some think that capitalism is desirable. Marx concepts are useful in understanding the community without accommodating Marxists condemnation of capitalism. The advocacy for violent revolution illustrates his opinionated values in respect of politics. Marx ideas are limited to the relations between financial exchanges under circumstances where the right to capital is not rationalized. He viewed capitalism as a means by which individuals earn wealth simply by virtue of holding property. Non-standard work The contemporary labor markets across the globe in the last three decades have been marked by changes in the nature of job. The traditional features of the nature of work include its open-ended nature. In fact, the temporal specificity in the nature of work does not apply to the wide range of workers. According to the view expressed by Marx, workers in capitalist economies are no longer regarded as contributing sufficiently to their work. Consequently, the employees are either underpaid or given mor e duties to perform at workplace. The form of contemporary employment presents employers with the opportunity to adjust labor usage with respect to the changes in labor requirements. In the wake of the 21st century in the United Kingdom, part-time employees, those in informal employment and impermanent workers comprised of more than 40 percent in comparison with less than 30 percent in the 1980s. Currently, non-standard workers in the United States are estimated to be 30 percent, which is an increase of threefold compared to the 1980s (Cuneo 290).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marx and exploitation Many scholars question whether Marx aimed to make any ethical use of the exploitation ideas. In fact, Marx sought to highlight ethical utilization of exploitation but his definition of exploitation failed t o render this end. He gave an ethical definition of exploitation that is resistant to a wide range of standard objectiveness. The shortcomings of Marx explanation of exploitation within capitalist organization are less precise to capitalist societies. The post-war expansion of the communal sector has gradually given rise to an increasing range of non-manual groups in government circles and welfare organizations (Cuneo 290). The definition offered by Marx regarding exploitation is typically given in terms of the concept of surplus values. In turn, the concept of surplus value is perceived to depend on the labor concept of value. The concept that the significance of any product is proportional to the quantity of ‘socially necessary’ labor exemplified in it holds with regard to Marxists’ perspective. With respect to the view on the creation of value, there is typically nothing unique about labor. Some scholars such as Robert Nozick argue that the collapse of the lab or concept of value means the collapse of the Marxist theory of exploitation. The exploitation concept from Marx perspective is the disparate exchange of labor for products (Nozick 257). The swap is unequal if the amount of labor involved in the production of commodities that the employee can buy with the income is less than the quantity of labor used to make the income. Rationally, treating the intermediate and lower white-collar employees as part of a governing class implies that the governing groups typically identify themselves with the interest of resources and management as opposed to the interests of planned labor. The treatment of workers in the private sector is easy to accomplish compared to the public sector. Economic sub-structure Marx extended the argument that financial situation is the most essential determinant of all other communal aspects. These include institutions and ideas such as justice systems, schooling and ethics.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Such elements fall at the core of the societal ‘super-structure’. In view of contemporary employment, Marx can be regarded as a materialist with strong intuition for material possession, which is a reward for work. He opposed the viewpoint of Hegel that regarded thoughts as the most fundamental verifiers of accounts (Trainer 1). Marx held the position that leading ideologies were the result of materialistic situations. Marx was opposing the restructuring that presented the plan that sheer amendments in thought could transform the humanity. According to Marx, capitalist communities comprise of industrialists who owned and run the productive supplies. The employees only own labor and work for the industrialists. Thus, the industrialists own the goods and sell at a profit. The workers are exploited through meager pay for the work done. Consequently, the workers remain in abject poverty while the capitalists continue to accumulate capital. In the industrialist community, ca pital, equipment, plants and other resource are the essential productive elements. The industrialists exploit the society given that the members of the society do not own the productive factors. It is the different perspective involved in capitalism that drives the workers to view the differences between them and the capitalists as conflict that require violent revolution. In industrialist societies, the industrialists gain the most. They receive a disproportionate share of affluence, authority, advantage and rank. The situation according to Marx serves the interest of the capitalist thus elevating the conflict between the employers and the employees. Marx highlights the need to understand that a majority of the people own some riches including houses and small portions of land. However, this is not capital. A small number of individuals own capital including money and industrial units. The proportion is estimated to be below 2 percent of the global population. Marx’s Predict ions Marx viewed history as the principle that explains the vibrancy of the past. The basic ideology involved is the Hegelian ideology of dialectical development. In this situation, a thesis exists. Another idea develops which opposes the initial idea (antithesis). Eventually, the ideas are determined by a ‘synthesis.’ The resulting thesis becomes the novel thesis. In view of history the class conflict involved in capitalist societies between the capitalists and the employees ends through some kind of revolution. The conflict is determined upon the emergence of a new social order, which eventually stabilizes. This was the case during the early capitalist era. History is hence a fundamental element of material and social relations. The correlations between the type of industrial knowledge in use, the communal correlations and the running of these kinds of production are what determine the characteristics of capitalist communities. These relations move social settings fro m one to another. Marx believed that this recurring cycle would cease at some point. The idea of capitalism and the ideology of the working class will result into a synthesis that will see the attainment of a classless society. This is with respect to the fact that the continuation of class conflict between industrialists and the employees has generated change for centuries, which will have to cease in a classless community. However, this does not mean the end of additional change. Political change may also occur according to Marx. The changes in employment emanating from capitalist perspectives and the idea of exploitation will not end so long as there is conflict of interest. The drivers of production in the industrialist communities include the factory method and rigorous machine knowledge. This mode demands that huge investments of resources be put in factories. The knowledge required demands that the potential employees compete for the limited employment opportunity. Consequent ly, the capitalists will take advantage of the situation to hire knowledge workers at lower wages. This aspect is observable in multinational companies that shift production offshore in countries where skilled workers are paid cheaply. Social correlations of production in industrialist communities is between the ownership of capital and the running of entities attained from the exploitation of communities’ productive resources by the few who invest only if they know that profit will be made. In the contemporary labor market, the concept of exploitation applies where community members are required to sell labor to the industrialists. They have to recognize commands at workplace. The employees consequently have no stake in the manufacturing process above the pay packages (Doogan 70). Marx argued that only labor should earn money. Conversely, Marxists maintain that the resources generated must hardly have the capacity of generating additional funds. This means that Marxists hold the idea that wealthy individuals should not get interested in their investment. The argument is extended from the reasoning that capitalists get more income without participating in the production. Fundamentally, Marxists believe that industrialist profit making is composed of employees. When the industrialist vends goods produced by the employees and gets more for the commodity than originally paid for to produce, the capitalist takes the value created by the employees. The employees’ labor facilitates the creation of value attained from the sale of the product but only get a percentage of the value. This means that the industrialist who runs the production processes exploits the employee. However, the industrialist does not work when creating the commodity. It is this perception that Marxists insist that capitalist should not receive income as interest earned on the investment. Marxists’ disagreement appears to be obvious with respect to the stakeholders hardly hav ing any connection to the production. They only invest capital in the company and consequently generating returns devoid of carrying out the jobs. Marxists urge that it would be desirable to organize the community in a way that every individual owns and runs the productive resources. Additionally, no one should get an income he or she has not worked for during the production process. In the modern labor market, this argument puts capitalists and workers in a collision course. The neo-classical model on the labor market holds a different view on the argument given that it is typically applied in the contemporary labor market. Typically, the neo-classical perspective holds the view that the labor market functions in a way similar to that of the commodity market. The labor offered by the employee in diverse sector is ‘sold’ by the employee and ‘bought’ by the industrialist. The cost of labor is primarily set by the law governing supply and demand. The labor ma rket inherently seeks to establish its own accord and equilibrium (Gomme 18). The principle of neo-classical in the labor market holds that when there is an over-supply of one type of labor say barbers, the wage of such labor significantly falls. This is due to an increase in the competition among workers who offer it. The compensation for labor is driven down when employers pursue their interest characterized by profit maximization. The capitalists enjoy a large pool of potential labor suppliers who offer labor at the lowest prices. Conversely, when there is limited kind of labor such as pilots the potential employees with necessary expertise, competences, familiarity and training have the opportunity to demand for higher price for labor including improved working conditions, enhanced benefits and high remuneration. In this regard, the capitalists compete with each other through offering higher wages to ensure the necessary supply of labor from a considerably small pool of workers. The imbalance between barbers and pilots will be redressed as people attracted by high wages choose to train and acquire experience in flying. Similarly, the excess in barbers will be redressed as the career becomes less attractive due to low wages. A balance between supply and demand will consequently be restored. Marxist model and the surplus value The contemporary labor market is influenced more through the neo-classical perspective than the Marxists’ perspective. Marxists hold the view that the correlation between the ‘value’ created by employees and the respective ‘rewards’ offered for such labor is significantly multifaceted than that advocated by neo-classical theorists. Marxist labor economists hold the position that the true value of labor is never returned to workers in capitalist markets. They insist that employees in the modern labor market are exploited as they receive only a portion of the actual value of their labor. This notion often leads the employees to seek employment that is highly demanding to be able to receive higher reward for the labor offered (Kalleber 482). Conversely, the employers in the industrialist productive systems exploit workers to create ‘surplus value’ for the labor. The surplus within the capitalist labor markets inherently flows to the capitalist instead of the workers. According to Marxist theorists, waged labor is caught in a ‘trap’. The salary is never able to realize the actual value generated. A good example in this situation would be an employee hired to make caps using a cap-making machine. The worker is paid $15 per hour. In every hour, the employee produces 10 caps. The market value for each cap is $7. The capitalist thus pays the worker $15 dollars for work that produces a value of $70. There is a difference of $55. However, the capitalist must deduct overhead costs and supplies. The overheads may be an additional $15 per hour hence leaving the capita list with a whopping $40 per hour of surplus value. In a non-capitalist labor market the worker would have hand-woven his own caps. He would also have owned both the tools (means of production) and the resulting caps (labor products). The complete value of labor could be exchanged for other commodities and services. Unfortunately, according to Marxist perspectives, in a capitalist labor market the worker owns neither the products nor the means of production and materials utilized in producing the commodities. In this context, the worker holds no claim to the surplus value created. In order to reword Marx, the worker only owns his ‘hide’. As such, the worker can only get a ‘hiding’. The worker only owns his labor, which notwithstanding its net value to the capitalist is compensated at a reduced rate than the authentic value it creates. According to Marxists’ view, the greater the ‘value’ a worker can generate from labor the weaker the wor ker develops interest in an industrialist labor market. The additional ‘value’ is fitted as surplus, which nevertheless is not given to the worker. In this regard, the Marxist perspective concerning income distribution hardly follows the differences in ‘human resources’ but the correlation between the worker and the means of production (Wolff 14). Capitalists who have owned the means of production reap the greatest rewards and monetary returns. The employees who have no access to the means of production are forced to sell labor power for remuneration. They are consequently denied the opportunity to secure the true value of their labor. In Marxists’ perspective, the contemporary labor market is unfair besides being highly structured. The current employment platform requires more than investment in human resources to escape from the deprived positions in the labor market. It demands further essential social changes that address the organizational dispa rity in the industrialist labor market (Tilly 14). The urge to accumulate resources according to Marxists is the determinant of what happens in the community. The differences inherent in capitalist societies between the employer and employee are contributed by the urge of the employee to establish own businesses. As a result, many individuals opt to enter into sole-proprietorships to avoid taking orders from employers but create profits to better their lives. When such moves fail to yield, individuals resort to other means of ensuring access to the true value of their labor such as joining unions. There is unending pursuit of profitability not only among employers but also among the employees. The profits realized by capitalists are ploughed back to attain more profits. This creates a never-ending twist of resources accumulation. The quest to accumulate capital leads to inventiveness, social and technological change. The reason why there is a McDonald in every street and increasing manufacturing in Australia is the aforementioned reasons. The changes have come given that the firms are competing with each other to increase profitability. In addition, employees are utilizing innovation to remain relevant to the employer. Knowledge workers are contemporarily required by the contemporary capitalist labor market. It has become essential for any person seeking employment to possess requisite training, skills, knowledge, competence and proficiency (Wolff 115). Conclusion The labor market comprises of a discriminatory playing field. Provided the labor market is allowed to operate without hindrances, the potential employees enter the market with an opportunity that is determined purely by human capital one has to offer. This one determinant influences whether or not an employee will receive considerably high value for the labor they offer. Marx’s theory is currently overtaken by events in the labor market. The trends in the contemporary labor market reflect that there is a significant change of approach regarding the relationship between employers and employees. The employees currently recognize the merit that will present them with the opportunity to receive the rewards in terms of wages that they deserve. The pursuit of relevant education, competences, skills and abilities by prospective employees reflect a change in attitude from Marx’s theory. Works Cited Boswell, Terry and William Dixon. â€Å"Dependency and Rebellion: A Cross-National Analysis.† American Sociology Review, 55.3 (1990): 540-559. Print. Cuneo, Carl. â€Å"Exploring Exploitation.† Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 15.2 (1978): 284-300. Print. Doogan, Keller. â€Å"Long-Term Employment and the Restructuring of the Labor Market in Europe.† Time and Society, 14.1 (2005): 65-87. Print Gomme, Peter. â€Å"What Labor Market Theory tells us about the ‘New Economy.† Economic Review, 34.3 (1998): 16-24. Print. Kalleber, Alex. â€Å"Organizing Flexibility: The Flexible Firm in a New Century.† British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39.4 (2001): 479-504. Print. Nozick, Robert. Anarchy, State and Utopia, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell, 1974: 253-262. Print. Parkin, Frank. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique in Social Class and Stratification: Classic Statements and Theoretical Debates, Maryland, USA: Rowman Littlefield, 1998: 1-269. Print. Robertson, John. â€Å"Transaction Cost Economics and Cross-National Patterns of Industrial Conflict: A Comparative Institutional Analysis.† American Journal of Political Science, 34.3 (1990): 153-189. Print. Tilly, Catherine. â€Å"Labor Market Inequality, Past and Future: A Perspective from the United States.† Gender Segregation, 2.2 (2006): 13-28. Print. Wolff, Jonathan. â€Å"Marx and Exploitation.† Journal of Ethics, 3.2 (1999): 109-120. Print. This essay on Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation was written and submitted by user Reece Diaz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jaws

"Jaws" (1975) made Spielberg famous and the sequels continued to put him in the position of one of the most popular directors in America. "Jaws" also holds the record for the highest grossing film of all time. In my eyes, I believe that shows you a little something about the movie - it had to be good! "Jaws" was Spielberg's big jump into the movie business. Several other movies increased his fame and fortune in the movie industry, such as the "Indiana Jones" Trilogy (1981, 1984 Spielberg was born on December 18, 1946, in Cincinnati, Ohio, but now resides in California. He attended college at California State University of Long Beach. Unlike George Lucas, John Carpenter and other successful young American filmmakers of the last two decades, Spielberg did not attend one of the major American university film programs. Largely self taught, he made his first feature, a two-hour science fiction movie entitled "Firelight", at the age of sixteen, and a local movie house in Phoenix, Arizona agreed to run it for one evening. He also made three television movies, one of which, "Duel" (1971), was released theatrically in Europe where it earned both critical praise and commercial success. It is the story of a salesman (played by Dennis Weaver) who was pursued by a giant diesel truck whose driver is never seen nor it's motive explained. But Spielberg is able to pull it off with his sure handling of suspense. Before he was ever hired by anyone in the movie industry, he happened to be on a tour of Universal Studios. He jumped of the tour bus and started to wander off into the studios and found an abandoned janitor's closet which later became his office. He started hanging around there and began giving his ideas to anyone who would listen and asked them to try to propose his ideas to their managers. He needed to prove that he had g...

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Azithromycin loaded polyethylene sebacate nanoparticles preparation, pharmacokinetic and efficacy in pneumonia of rabbits - Essay Example The reason for the interest is that the scientific community believes that there are 2 ways of using nanoparticles for drug delivery. The first reason is that due to the minute size of the particle, nanoparticles have the uncanny ability to penetrate even the smallest human capillary. The nanoparticles spread through the human system, thus allowing for efficient drug accumulation in target specific areas of the body. Second, the biodegradable materials used in the creation of nanoparticles has allowed pharmaceutical companies to develop long term release drug preparations within target sites covering a span of a few days to a few weeks. (Sahoo et al., 2003) The reason for this superior method of chemical delivery within the human system stems from the nanomedicines measuring only between 10 and 100 nanometers (nm). This makes the chemicals much easier to absorb than its larger sized counterparts when administered in passive mode for tissue penetration. Currently, nanomedicine drug formulations are designed to work with existing generic drugs, which reduces the cost of drug formulation for the pharmaceutical company. While most drugs in its current form are already effective in treating various illnesses, nano formulation of the same drugs allow the manufacturers to fine tune the drug molecules, this providing a significant increase in the effectiveness of the drug. This is done through the development of sustained release drugs that offer minimal side effects in the process. Known as nanoparticular drug delivery, the system allows a normal pharmacokinetic profile to deliver the correct amount of drugs in a targeted method that will affect only the required area over an extended period. This is a method that is not totally possible with encapsulated drugs. The nanoparticular drug delivery has allowed pharmaceutical science to

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Develop a Marxist critique of Mills account of individual liberty Essay

Develop a Marxist critique of Mills account of individual liberty - Essay Example Mill introduces his account on individual liberty by describing the form of liberty present in his arguments. The author becomes clear to the reader by specifying the subject of the essay as that which considers both social and civil liberty. This is for the purpose of creating a succinct understanding of individual liberty as described by the author. Mill considers civilization as a struggle that occurs between a person and a society causing the individual to change behavior in an attempt to fit in the society (Mill 5). The author criticizes the public laws and opinions regarding them as determinants of the actions of individuals instead of the person having power over his own thoughts. Mill objects the idea of public laws and opinions, which affects the well-being of the society. He argues that such laws should only apply in cases where the actions of an individual directly affect the society (Mill 6). The argument of the author is that these laws cause an individual to act against his will. The author does not only argue on the laws but also on the morality of individuals. Mill is critical about the notion of public on the behavior of individuals; he does not accept the judgments that the public makes and that discriminates a person due to behavioral aspects. He terms such actions and ideas as coerce claiming that their illegitimacy is undesired. Mill’s notion that persons in the society can improve themselves in the absence of laws brings questions on whether the society can be a better place without these laws. His notion makes him regard various societies as a dwelling on an order of value (Mill 6). He sets an example of barbaric societies acting like children in the absence of necessary guidance of their independence. Mill’s expression of liberty is utilitarian rather than based on natural rights as exemplified in metaphysical opinion by Kant (Marx, Engels 40). The second chapter of Mill’s account

HACCP Implementation In Hotel Restaurant

HACCP Implementation In Hotel Restaurant The author has selected this topic because of his interest in a future career in food and beverage industry. Part A has showed that he has good leadership and team building skills to become a leader in this filed. He feels that it would be imperative to have good understanding of food safety if he would like to be a chef after graduated from the university. In Hong Kong, there are great proportion of people went out to have their meal. According to Hong Kong centre for health protection (CHP, 2007) the number of people eating out more than five times a week are 30.2% for breakfast, 51.5% for lunch and 10.8% for dinner respectively. Having such culture of eating out, food safety should be considered as the first priority in the hospitality industry in Hong Kong, however, in recent years, food poisoning is continually increasing. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2007), the global incidence of food-borne diseases is difficult to estimate, but it has been reported that in 2005 alone 1.8 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases. A great proportion of these cases can be attributed to contamination of food and drinking water. In industrialized countries, the percentage of the population suffering from food-borne diseases each year has been reported to be up to 30%. In addition, contaminated food could result from improper food handling, preparation, or food storage. Although HACCP is an internationally recognized food safety management system, there are great barriers to implement such system in the hospitality industry Academic objectives of project This paper aims to achieve the following objectives: 1. To gain understanding of HACCP and its implementation in Hospitality industry. 2. To compare current academic literature on the food safety issues. 3. To identify the barriers of implementing HACCP system in Hospitality industry. 4. To identify the ways to strengthening the food safety culture within the Hospitality organization rather than focusing on creating a better safety system. Outline of sections The literature review will be divided into four parts. The fist part is about the introduction of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System (HACCP), including this definition and its implementation. The second part is about the barriers of implementing HACCP system in Hospitality industry e.g. practical and psychological barriers. The third part is about the organizational culture which included its definition and connection between HACCP implementation. The final part is the ways to strengthening the food safety culture. It is because having a positive food safety culture within the organization is more reliable that strictly follow the food safety management system such as HACCP. Literature Review Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2007) Food-borne diseases or Food poisoning seem to have been increasing globally in recent years. Food poisoning can be broadly defined as the illness caused by the consumption of contaminated food or water containing various bacteria, viruses, parasites or even toxins of biochemical or chemical nature. The types of foods produced or served by a business along with the management of how they are prepared or produced are likely to contribute to the risk of a business causing food poisoning. (Griffith, 2010) Although, there are food safety management system such as Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), the implementation of the HACCP system requires additional resources for staff training, investments on buildings and equipment, extra purchase of supplies, as well as technical support furthermore, within a business a number of sub cultures compete for priority and often the biggest rival to food safety culture is a culture of saving money (Griffith et al., 2010). The drive to cut costs at the expense of food safety maybe false economy and it should be noted that businesses identified as a source of food poisoning outbreaks can suffer significant damage to brand identity, financial losses and possibly, in up to a third of cases, bankruptcy (Griffith et al., 2010). What is HACCP? According to a recent study (Taylor, 2008)The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is a science-based systematic approach which identifies critical control points in the production procedure that are essential to monitor and control product safety. HACCP is a tool to assess hazards and establish control systems that focus on prevention rather than relying on end-product testing. The system can be applied throughout the food chain from primary production to final consumption, including primary producers, food manufacturers, transport and storage operators to retail and food service outlets. The implementation of HACCP system is a sign for delivering safe food products to customers. HACCP is an internationally recognized system and is built on seven key principles: 1. Hazard Analysis: Potential biological, chemical and physical hazards must be evaluated for each ingredient and at each step of the manufacturing process. 2. Identify Critical Control Points: Those points in the process where control can be applied to eliminate or reduce an identified hazard to an acceptable level. 3. Establish Critical Limits: Defined as the maximum or minimum parameter that must be met to eliminate or reduce the hazard to an acceptable limit. 4. Establish Monitoring Requirements: Used to assess whether the critical limits are met and to establish records for verification. 5: Establish Corrective Actions: The actions taken to bring a CCP back under control and the steps taken to prevent further contamination of the product as well as the steps taken to prevent the distribution of potentially contaminated product. 6: Establish Verification Procedures: Verification assures the plan is effectively implemented and followed. 7: Establish Record Keeping and Documentation Procedures: Includes record retention of types of records kept such as the hazard analysis, the HACCP plan, support documentation and operational records. By focussing inspection at CCPs, HACCP improves the scientific basis for safety and control processes. A CCP is any point in the chain of food production from raw materials to finished product where the loss of control could result in unacceptable food safety risk (Pierson and Corlett, 1992). Monitoring of CCPs is done best by using indicators that can be measured easily. This focus on measurable indicators provides a more cost-effective approach to control than product sampling and testing, which is more expensive and may not provide timely results. This is especially important for foodborne microbial pathogens, because their incidence is low and the costs of testing are high. It is important to recognise that HACCP is not designed to replace management decisions weighing potential benefits from product qualities against costs, or the value of improved safety versus the costs of achieving it. HAC CP facilitates improved product safety, but management has the discretion to determine what the final product quality will be. These issues enter into the firms deliberations in determining CCPs and tolerance limits at CCPs. (The economic) HACCP was originally developed as a quality control tool in food processing, where branded product liability creates industry incentives for hazard control. It was intended to be flexible enough to adapt to different firms, plants, or processes within plants. Its application as a regulatory standard to an entire industry or sector, or at different stages in the supply chain, is necessarily different. (Unnevehr and Jensen 1999), Why is HACCP important? The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a food safety management system that is currently promoted internationally because it enables food business operators to control food safety risks at all points along the production line, rather than waiting for microbiological testing of the final product (Tuominen et al., 2003). It regarded as the most effective way to achieve food safety is to focus on prevention of possible hazards and to improve the process (Swanson and Anderson, 2000;) The HACCP system also relies heavily on verification and documentation to ensure that food safety has not been compromised during any step. HACCP therefore provides a structure for assessing risks. HACCP therefore provides a structure for assessing risks or whatever could go wrong and putting the requisite controls in place to minimize such risks. (Stephaniem et al.,2009) The advantage of HACCP based systems is that they can be designed to include all different types of foods, their raw materials (whatever their source) and associated hazards. (Griffith, 2010) (Semos and Kontogeorgos, 2007) denoted that the implementation of the HACCP system to food processing can result in benefits to industry, government and consumers, promoting, in this way, a potential improvement of food safety and prevention of food poisoning. HACCP focus on measurable indicators provides a more cost-effective approach to control than product sampling and testing, which is more expensive and may not provide timely results. This is especially important for food-borne microbial pathogens, because their incidence is low and the costs of testing are high. Requirement of implementing the HACCP system in hospitality industry Before HACCP can be implemented, prerequisite programs (PRPs) such as good hygienic practices, staff training, and documented standard operating procedure should be well established. HACCPs effectiveness relies on the knowledge and skills of both management and staff. (Taylor, 2008), pointed out that the most important factor driving the implementation of HACCP is the employment of experienced, technically qualified persons. While flexibility appropriate to the business is important, all seven principles must be applied in the HACCP system. This takes into account the nature and size of the operation, including the human and financial resources, infrastructure, processes, knowledge, and practical constraints. The seven principles can be applied in businesses regardless of size and the nature of the operations. (Semos and Kontogeorgos, 2007) Implementation of the HACCP system requires additional resources for staff training, investments on buildings and equipment, extra purchase of supplies, as well as technical support furthermore, managers or businesses should provide adequate and appropriate facilities for food handlers to be hygienic and this can influence their perceived behavioral control. (Griffith, 2000) The efficacy of the system relies heavily on the relevant HACCP knowledge and skills, management commitment, and understanding of HACCP along with changes in attitude and organizational culture all requiring adequate training to overcome barriers related to human resources. (Adams, 2000) Considering the results as a whole, staff training was the cost with the highest mean score indicating that this cost during the development and implementation of the HACCP system was the most important cost. The second most important cost was the investments in new equipment. As has previously been mentioned, the majority of the respondents have used an external consultant to develop and implement the HACCP system in their company. Thus, it is not surprising that the cost of the external consultant is rated as the third most important cost. (Semos and Kontogeorgos, 2007) The cost of a HACCP system for most industries depends not only on the requirements of the system, but also on the improvement of the current status of food safety-related practices in the company. Considering the cost of HACCP systems, it is important to take into account the firms long-term savings derived by a potential decrease in recalling contaminated food products (Taylor, 2001). A food handlers knowledge of food safety is critical they cannot behave hygienically if they do not know how to behave and why. This has led to increased emphasis on training; however, knowledge of food safety/hygiene does not always translate into implementation of food safety practices. Training provides people with the knowledge allowing them to handle food safety when they are motivated to be hygienic (Griffith, 2010). What are the barriers in implementing the HACCP system in hospitality industry? Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is an internationally recognised system of managing food safety (Codex, 2003) and its use is advocated in the hospitality industry. Griffith (2000) stated that one of the major problems regarding the effective implementation of HACCP is that employees in food industry often lack interest and they often have a negative attitude toward the food safety programmes. Taylor and Taylor (2004) found that the main barriers that hindered the effective HACCP implementation were due to HACCP being considered as difficult, burdensome and unnecessary. They explained that the interplay of barriers at knowledge, attitude and behavioral levels could account for the problems in effective HACCP implementation. The generated working definitions for the general barrier categories included: knowledge as a body of acquired facts; attitude as mental reaction to knowledge; and behaviour as the action taken as a result of knowledge acquisition and attitude development. Subcategories of these general barriers included awareness, familiarity and comprehension for knowledge while the subcategories for attitude major barrier comprised of agreement and commitment. Adoption and adherence were the subcategories for the last major barrier, behaviour (Barriers of HACCP team members) Furthermore, those barriers separated into two types which are practical and psychological. (Taylor, 2008) stated that there is an overwhelming range of practical and psychological barriers to the HACCP implementation in hospitality industry (Taylor et al., 2008). The practical barriers in implementing the HACCP system in hospitality industry (haccp chef) Although HACCP is an internationally recognized food safety management system, there are great barriers to implement such system in the hospitality industry. Studies have shown that the major problems identified in the Hospitality industry were: lack of knowledge, training problems, high staff turnover, large variety of products, variation in potential demand and large numbers of part-time workers (Ward, 2001) Lack of appropriate facilities has been cited as a barrier to implementation of good hygiene (Clayton et al., 2002). However even more highly cited was lack of time to be hygienic and this is likely to be even more important in food service or catering than in manufacturing. The former work to order, with customers seeking prompt service, potentially facing food handlers whilst in manufacturing businesses usually work to stock. Improving a business shift patterns and staff numbers has helped to significantly improve hygiene implementation. Managers or businesses may say that this costs too much money and this attitude directly links to the business organizational food safety culture. (Griffith, 2010) Eves and Dervisi (2005) noted that when HACCP is not properly implemented it is due to time-related constraints and mostly due to the large amount of documentation required. Bas et al. (2007) and Panisello and Quantick (2001) stated that the volume of the paperwork required is a factor that hinders the HACCP effectiveness, while Taylor and Kane (2005) and Taylor (2001) refer to difficulties or lack of validation and verification procedures. Aggelogiannopoulos et al. (2007) also mentioned some other internal barriers in implementing the quality system such as the lack of financial resources, lack of personnel, human resource limitations (insufficient skills or qualifications), time restrictions because of the short operating horizon of the business, resistance of higher-level executives to change and resistance of employees to change. (Taylor and Forte 2008) point out that The hospitality industry is predominantly made up of very small businesses with varied levels of staff training and high staff turnover. With a few exceptions, staffs lack the competence to develop a food safety management system such as HACCP. Hospitality businesses do not employ a food technologist or microbiologist in kitchens, but craftsmen who are not technically qualified to identify danger points or to use instruments such as thermocouples and digital thermometers. A skilled chef is far more capable of judging whether food is adequately cooked using more traditional methods, such as colour or texture changes in food. Second, unlike the manufacturing industry, the average hospitality outlet offers an extended product range (menu) to the customer. It would not be possible to produce a flow diagram for each product offered as required by the international HACCP Guidelines (Codex, 2003). Furthermore, the average hospitality business is highly flexible and creative and there is a higher number of products offered, less use of standard recipes and often ad hoc reworking of ingredients. Third, the first HACCP principle requires a detailed, technical hazard analysis (Codex, 2003). Not surprisingly, many caterers do not understand the technical HACCP and microbiological jargon and most often have no ability to identify critical risks in food preparation and cooking. Finally, as food is produced from a varied and complex production blueprint (menu) and the customers require immediate consumption, the production process differs considerably from that of manufacturing businesses. The working pace is variable and volatile which is unsuitable for many types of monitoring and documentation. Daily business forecasts are often unpredictable, resulting in too little or too much preliminary food preparation, and requiring flexibility to manage rather than rigid routines. These differences create strong barriers to the implementation of HACCP in the hospitality industry, and they are very difficult to overcome. The scale of the challenge can be demonstrated by analysing previous attempts to develop HACCP guidance manuals for hospitality businesses (Taylor and Forte 2008). The psychological barriers in implementing the HACCP system in hospitality industry Beside the practical barriers, psychological factors are considered as the barriers to HACCPs successful implementation in Hospitality industry. A study (Taylor, 2008) stated that the psychological barriers such as staff motivation, attitude, and behaviour to the implementation. Calls have been made for more specific research on food safety culture with the concept and its importance, poorly understood by all levels in the food industry, including middle and top management. (Griffith et al 2010) If managers have a negative attitude about following proper food safety and sanitation procedures, it will be evident to others by what they say and do. For example, if the manager of a foodservice establishment doesnt wash his hands before beginning work, how can he expect the employees to do so? Instead, if the manager demonstrates a positive attitude toward food safety through his words and action, the employees will more likely do the same. In companies with strong safety cultures, a proper attitude toward food safety is more caught than taught. (Yiannas, 2008) Food safety is not just a microbiological problem but that it also has a major behavioral component (Griffith and Redmond, 2009). It has been suggested that 97% of outbreaks traced to non-manufacturing food businesses involved a food handler error/malpractice (Howes et al., 1996). Although there was a documented HACCP system this was poor and inadequate, its content was not communicated to the employees and was not available for inspection by the environmental health officer. There was no stock rotation protocol, cleaning documentation was poor stating some items were to be cleaned daily yet the person responsible for their cleaning was only employed two days a week with cleaning of high risk areas omitted. Many procedures such as glass and pest control policies, considered essential to a meat processor of this kind, were not in place. However it is perhaps the food safety culture set by the owner/manager which gives rise to the greatest concerns. This was a culture where returned spoilt meat was repacked and re-used and where saving money had precedence over all else. Staffs were asked to work when ill and to follow the owners example of moving between high and low risk areas without a change of clothing or hand washing. The owner falsified records, misled an d lied to environmental health officers. (Griffith, 2010) The connection between Organizational culture and the HACCP implementation All businesses possess a food safety culture this can be on a continuum from positive to negative. In a positive culture, food safety is an important business objective and there is compliance with documented systems. In a negative culture, food safety is not perceived of prime importance with often other business priorities dominant (Griffith et al., 2010) and there is poor compliance with documented food safety requirements. The formation or existence of both types of culture may be managed or unmanaged. A negative culture may be the result of lack of effort or inappropriate leadership and management. In a negative culture any attempts by individuals to improve safety may be ineffective (Clayton and Griffith, 2008). Failure to comply with quality and food safety management system requirements can be both widespread and problematic. High performing organizations consistently demonstrate elevated levels of safety culture, whereas low performing organizations show a poor safety culture (Killimett, 2006). What is Organizational culture? Organizational culture is defined typically in terms of the way people think, which has a direct influence on the ways in which they behave. Organizational culture (OC) is the social or normative glue that holds an organization together. OC is an effective instrument of staff motivation leading to improved individual and organizational performance. The leadership of any type of organization has a very important inalienable responsibility in developing appropriate organizational cultures to enhance performance and job-satisfaction of organizational members. If the leadership does not put in sufficient efforts to develop a positive culture and arrest the tendencies towards negative cultures, it could be a disaster for the organization. (Anonymous, 2006) In particular, organizational culture provides employees a common frame of reference for changes in an organization. When organizations have different cultures, people have different perceptions and interpretations of organizational changes, which affect employees embracing changes. Therefore, organizational culture is known to be important for the success of projects involving any organizational changes (Weiling and Kwok, 2008) A strong organizational culture helps members develop a shared sense of who they are and provides clear values and beliefs to guide decision making and the formulation of long-term strategies (McGrath and Tobia 2008). How organizational culture overcome the barriers in HACCP implementation in the hospitality industry? The organizational culture could contribute to both success and barriers of implementing HACCP in the hotel. An organizational culture will influence how individuals within the group think about food safety, their attitudes toward food safety, their willingness to openly discuss concerns and share differing opinions, and, in general, the emphasis that they place on food safety. (Griffith et al, 2010b) Individual food handler behavior links directly to the business culture (Clayton and Griffith, 2008, Griffith et al., 2010) and potentially how management create and support the food safety culture within a business maybe the most important factor in whether a business is or is not responsible for food poisoning. Food poisoning An organization needs to make sure that employees understand the food safety performance expectations of their job and that at all levels they are held accountable for them. The word accountability generally implies that there are checks and balances being measured to make sure certain desired outcomes are being achieved. And in organizations with strong food safety cultures, this is certainly true. For example, an organization might conduct daily HACCP checks and measurements, observe employee behaviours related to food safety, and provide feedback and coaching (both positive and negative) based on the results. But in organizations with enlightened safety cultures, theyve figured out a way to transcend or go beyond accountability. Theyve figured out a way to get employees to do the right things, not because theyre being held accountable to them, but because the employees believe in and are committed to food safety. It has been said that character is what you do when youre alone and no one is watching. In organizations with enlightened food safety cultures, employees do the right thing not because the manager or customer is watching, but because they know its right and they care. Organizations with strong safety cultures know this. They take the sharing of information beyond simple food safety training. They share information often and communicate regularly with their employees about food safety using a variety of messages and mediums. They realize that what we see, what we hear, and what we read, if done effectively, can have a tremendous influence on us. If it didnt, advertisers wouldnt spend the millions of dollars they do each year trying to reach consumers. Like in commercial marketing, organizations with strong food safety cultures share information not just to impart knowledge, but to persuade their employees to action. Having an appropriate positive food safety organizational culture is essential to maintaining a successful brand. Top management need to be aware of their own role and responsibilities in culture formation and to equip their managers with the skills to create and maintain a positive food safety culture at all levels but particularly at middle management /unit level (Griffith et al., 2010). Safety culture appears to be definable and measurable in practical terms within high-performing organizations that consistently show high levels of trust, effective communication, management credibility and an overall value of safety (Killimett, 2006). A positive safety culture is said to exist in organizations that recognize the risk for human error, but act to reduce such hazards by developing professional skills that promote safe work practices (Nieva and Sorra, 2003). Top management in one country were under the impression that compliance with systems was good, staff understood the need to be hygienic and that food safety was crucial to the business. Unit managers held a different perspective which in turn differed in major ways from the views of shop floor staff who perceived the business priorities to be quite different. Effectively this arranges employees into distinct organizational levels that represent differing roles in implementing, maintaining and monitoring food safety management systems and standards. (Griffith et al, 2010b) Yiannas (2009) argues that food safety can be better achieved by strengthening the food safety culture rather than focusing on creating a bigger or better safety system. Thus a food safety culture can be viewed as the shared attitudes, values and beliefs towards the food safety behaviors that are routinely demonstrated in food handling organizations. New employees will normally adopt the dominant behaviors that appear stable throughout the organization by simply learning from colleagues and leaders when they are recruited into the business, becoming a shared responsibility by all group members. Yiannas (2009) states that organizations can choose to create a strong food safety culture. He goes on to suggest that leaders are accountable for instigating it because they have the power and influence to create a positive food safety culture and thus have the potential to reduce the global burden of food-borne disease. He postulates that creating a positive food safety culture can support this process by actually changing the thoughts, behaviors and beliefs of individuals within a group. Summary and Conclusion The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is a science-based systematic approach which identifies critical control points in the production procedure that are essential to monitor and control product safety. The implementation of HACCP system is a sign for delivering safe food products to customers. It regarded as the most effective way to achieve food safety is to focus on prevention of possible hazards and to improve the process. The advantage of HACCP based systems is that they can be designed to include all different types of foods, their raw materials (whatever their source) and associated hazards. The implementation of the HACCP system to food processing can result in benefits to industry, government and consumers, promoting, in this way, a potential improvement of food safety and prevention of food poisoning. Factor Before HACCP can be implemented, prerequisite programs (PRPs) such as good hygienic practices, staff training, and documented standard operating procedure should be well established. Caterers are not qualified to identify the many hazards now present in their operations and they cannot be expected to produce their own individual HACCP plans. HACCP can become a useful management tool, but, to succeed, it must be seen by chefs as useful and easy to apply. It must be recognised as a means to avoid problems as opposed to a defence mechanism in case things go wrong. The many hazards involved in producing food, together with the critical controls necessary to make sure it is safe, need to be documented. HACCPs effectiveness relies on the knowledge and skills of both management and staff. The efficacy of the system relies heavily on the relevant HACCP knowledge and skills, management commitment, and understanding of HACCP along with changes in attitude and organizational culture all requiring adequate training to overcome barriers related to human resources. interplay of barriers at knowledge, attitude and behavioral levels could account for the problems in effective HACCP implementation. The generated working definitions for the general barrier categories included: knowledge as a body of acquired facts; attitude as mental reaction to knowledge; and behaviour as the action taken as a result of knowledge acquisition and attitude development Furthermore, there is an overwhelming range of practical and psychological barriers to the HACCP implementation in hospitality industry Although HACCP is an internationally recognized food safety management system, there are great practical barriers to implement such system in the hospitality industry. Studies have shown that the major problems identified in the Hospitality industry were: lack of knowledge, training problems, high staff turnover, large variety of products, variation in potential demand and large numbers of part-time workers Lack of appropriate facilities has be

Movie Villains Essay -- essays research papers fc

Movie Villains What really is a villain?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Villains have been alive forever, there is no way to easily detected them or stopping them. They come in all shapes and sizes from animals to little children to even space aliens. Each villain has his or her own particular style, usually greed. Another big reason for there evil acts is because of revenge, revenge can turn innocent people in to cold blooded killers. The term used to represent villains is antagonist, or someone who opposes the protagonist or hero of the story. Movie villains are not just plainly the main enemy in a movie as in Nightmare on Elm Street series or on the Friday the 13th series, but sometimes it is just a little enemy, sometimes killed off, that is the villain. Sometimes the protagonist turns out to be the biggest antagonist in the story, like in the movie La Strata. Villains usually meet their end by death, but sometimes their fate can be worse than that, like in the movie Time After Time a character call Dr. Stevenson, who is also know as Jack the Ripper, meets his death by traveling to the farthest time ever in the face of the earth, probably when the earth is completely destroyed. Other villains meet their doom with being put in jail. There are a few movies in which the villains actually comes out victorious, as in the movie Chinatown. Villains or antagonist are the spotlights of most movies. What is the origin of villains?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Villains have be...